Chapter-12 Geographical Perspective class 12 Notes Geography

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  CBSE class 12 Geography (Book-2) Chapter-12 Geographical Perspective class 12 Notes Geography Pollution It is the unwanted matter and energy in the environment which harms to the man Types of pollution: 1. Air pollution 2. Water pollution 3. Land pollution 4. Noise pollution Pollution Causes Pollutants Effects Solution Air Pollution Combustion of coal diesel, industrial processes solid waste disposal sewage disposal Oxides of sulphur, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, lead, aldehydes asbestos &beryllium Causes various diseases, respiratory , nervous and circulatory systems cause smog in cities, acid rain, in return cause damage to the buildings Plantation, use of filters in industries, use of nonconventional energy resources use of public transport Water Pollution Sewage disposal, urban runoff, toxic effluents, runoff from Ag. lands Odor, suspended solids, ammonia, urea, chloride, grease, insecticide, heavy metals Water borne diseases diarrhea, intestinal worms, hepatitis, ...

Chapter-9 Planning and Sustainable Development class 12 Notes Geography

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 CBSE Class 12 Geography (Book-2)

Chapter-9

Planning and Sustainable Development class 12 Notes Geography

Planing is the process of thinking formulation  of a scheme of programme and implementation of a set of action to achive some goal .

THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES

1. Sectorial planning

2. Regional planning

3. India started five year plans and annual plans

TARGET AREA PLANNING

1. This plan take care of economical back ward areas, based on resources

2. Govt. introduced the following programmes under

TARGET AREA PLANNING

1. Command area dev. programed

2. Drought prone area dev. pro

3. Desert dev pro

4. Hil area dev pro

5. The samll farners dev agency

6. Marginal farmers dev agency

HILL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

1. Started during 5th plan

2.  covered 15 district of UTTAN,. WB & TN

3. National committee on the development of backward area in 1981 recommended this programme

4. Selected the area above 600 mts.

5. Covered tribal regions

6. Objectives are: horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry, poultry forestry small scale and village industries

DROUGHT PRONE AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

1. Started during 4thplan

2. Objectives: employment, creating productive assets, starting  labor intensive works, irrigation projects, land development. Programme. Afforestation, grassland dev. Electricity ,road, market, credit facility.

3. Integrated water shed dev. Pro

4.  restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants and animals

5. Covered 67 districts

CASE STUDY TRIBAL DEV.PRO

1. Bhaurmur  Tribal region  located in chambray district. of HP

2. Inhabited by  Gaddi tribes 3. They practice transhumance

4. Total area is 1818 sq.km  1500 to 3700 mts altitude

5. Ravi and its tributaries drain this region

6. There are 4 physiographic regions1. Holi 2. Khani 3. Kugti 4. Tundah

7. Harsh climate, low resource base, fragile environment

8. 20/sq km density

9. Most  economically backward

10. Socio economic deprivation

11. Objectives: transport and communication Agriculture. Allied activities. Socio eco. Services, education, health, potable water, electricity

12. Effects Of ITDP

1. In crease literacy rate ,2. Sex ratio , 3.female literacy 4.reduce gender inequality 5.shipt to cash crops

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT THAT  NEEDS OF PRESENT WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE AVILITY OF FUTUTE GENERATIONS T OKMEET THEIR OWN NEEDS. IT TAKE CARE OF ECONOGICAL, SOCIAL ECONOMIC, ASPECTS OF PRESENT AND PLEADS FOR CONSERVATION OF RESORUCE FOR FUTURE

CASE STUDY

INDIRAGANDHI CANAL  COMMAND AREA – RAJASTHAN CANAL

1. , one of the largest canal system in  India

2. Started in 1948 launched on 31/3/1958

3.  started from Harike barrage  in Punjab run parallel to  the Pakistan border

4. The total length is 9060 km  19.63 lakh hectare  irrigation  70% flow 30% lift system

5. Started in two stages

6.  cover  Ganganagar, Hanuman Garh, Bikanir, Jaisalme, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu  Districts

7. Left side lift system and right side flow system

8. Stage one -1960 and stage ii 1980

9. Objectives achieved : irrigation, pasture development, afforestation reduce wind erosion, reduce siltation. Development of per-capita income , increase in food production, increase cultivated area, change in cropping system

10.  problems: siltation, water logging

11.  STEPS TAKE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS

1. Strict implementation of water management policy

2. Protective irrigation

3. Extensive irrigation of crops and pasturelands

4. No water intensive crops

5.  lining of water courses

6. Leveling of wara bandhi

7. Reclamation of water logging areas 8. Afforestation, shelterbelts,

9. adequate financial support

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