CBSE class-12 Geography (Book-2)
CHAPTER-7
Mineral and Energy Resources class 12 Notes Geography
A mineral Is a natural substance of organic /inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.
TYPES OF MINERALS
METALLIC MINERALS
A. FERROUS: IRON MANGANESE
B. NON FERROUS; COPPER BAUXITE
NONMETALLIC MINERAL
A. FUEL MINERAL: COAL, PETROLEUM,
B. OTHER NON METALLIC: LIME STONE
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE EXPLORATION OF MINERALS
1. Geological survey of India
2. Oil and natural gas commission
3. Mineral exploration corporation ltd
4. National mineral development corporation
5. Indian bureau of mines
6. Bharat gold mines
7. Hindustan copper ltd
8. National aluminum ltd
9. Dept. Of mining and geology
DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS
1. Metallic minerals occur in peninsular region
2. Coal reserves are found in valleys of Mahanadi, Godavari, Sone, Damodar
3. Petroleum occur in sedimentary deposits of Assam And Gujarat
4. New reserves are discovered in Krishna Godavari Cauvery basins
5. Most of the minerals occur in east of line linking Mangalore an Kanpur
6. There are located in three broad belts
NORTH EASTERN PLATEAU REGION
1.cover WB,ORI ,CHH
2. Minerals are iron coal manganese, bauxite, mica
SOUTH WESTERN PLATEAU REGION
1. Covers KK ,GOA, KER &TN
2. Minerals are ferrous metals, lime stone, bauxite iron ore, manganese coal deposits monazite in KERALA iron ore in GOA
NORTH WESTERN REGION
1. Covers RAJ, GUJ
2. minerals are copper zinc, sandstone granite marble, gypsum fullers earth dolomite and lime stone. Petroleum in GUJ.
Himalayan belt
minerals are copper lead, zinc, cobalt tungsten
FERROUS MINERALS: IRONMANGANESE, CHROMITE
1.iron ore : largest iron ore in Asia, Haematite And Magnetite are the two types of iron ores, it has great demand in the international market
2. The total reserve is about 20 bi. Tones
955 is located in ORI JHAR, CHH KA, AP TN
Orissa : Sundergarh , Mayurbhanj Jhar mining centers; Gurumahishani, Sulaipet Badampahar Kiruburu Bonai
Jharkhand; Noamundi And Gua Located Inwest And East Singhbhum
Chh; Durg Danteware Bailadila Dalli Rajhara
Kk: Sundur, Hospet, Bababudn hills, Tumkur Chitradurg
Ms. Chandrapur, Bhandara Ratnagiri
Ap: Kurnool , Karinagar Cudapah Anantapur
MANGANESE
Used in steel making,Orissa is the leading producer, Bonai, Kendujhar, Suddergarh,. Gangpur, Koraput Kalahandi Bolangir are important producers
KAR: Darwar, Bellary Belgaum N.Canara Chikmagalur
MS: NAGPUR, BAHANDARA RATNAGIRI
NON FERROUS MINERALS
BAUXITE
It is the ore of aluminum
Aluminum is used to make construction, aircraft, utensils , electrical items
ORISSA: KALAHINDI, SAMPALPUR are leading producers
Lohardhaga In Jharkhand,
Kolaba Thane Ratnagiri of MS
Bhavnagar, Jamnagar of Guj.
COPPER
USED INELECTRICAL INDUSTRY
Distribution: Singhbhum in Jharkhand, Balaghat of MP, Jhunjhunu Alwar of raj.
Minor producers are Hassan of Karnataka, Agnigundale of AP
NON METALLIC MINERALS
MICA: used in electical industry and furnace
found in Hazaribagh of Bihar Nellore of ap. Jaipur Bhilwara of RAJ
ENERGY RESOURCES
COAL, PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS,NUCLEAR MINERALS
COAL: there are three types of coal
1. Anthracite: found in Himalayan region
2. Bituminus : located in Gondwana field DVC, Godavari Valley Sone Valley Jharia, Raniganj, Mahanadi Valley Chanda Wardha Valley
3. Nyvely lignites: found in TN
4. Tertiary coal is found in Assam. ARP, MEG. NAG. J&K
PETROLEUM
· Used to make energy resource, petrochemical industries fertilizer, synthetic rubber, wax lubricants, soap cosmetics
· It is also called as liquid gold
· It is found in Digboi, Naharkatia Moran In Assam, Ankaleshwar, Kalol Mehasena Nawagam In Gujarat. Mumbai High
· Krishna Godavari Basin
· Oil refineries
· There are two types of oil refineries (i) field based (ii) market based
· There are 18 oil refineries
NATURAL GAS
· Found in guj, raj, tri. Krishna Godavari And Cauvery Basin
· Nuclear energy resources
· Uranium and thorium re important minerals
· Uranium is found in Dharwad rocks
· Found in Singhbhum in Bihar,Udipur Alwar, Jhunujhun of Raj. Durg of Chh .Bhandara of Ms
· Monazite sands of Kerala
· Atomic energy commission was established in 1948
· Nuclear power stations
· Tarapur of MS, Rawatbhata of RAJ, Kalpakkam of TN, Narora of UP Kaiga of KK Kakarapara of GUJ
· Non-conventional resources
ADVANTAGES OF NON CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES
1. No pollution
2. Abundant
3. Cheapest
4. easy to tap
5. Eternal
SOLAR ENERGY
ADVANTAGES
1. Abundant
2. huge potential used for two purposes
3. photovoltaic‟s, solar thermal technology
4. Cist competitive,
5. environmental friendly
6. Easy to construct
7. 7% more efficient than coal
8. 10% more efficient than coal
9. More applications heater, crop dryers cooker
10. western part has more potential
WIND ENERGY
1. Pollution free
2. inexhaustible
3. simple machinery
4. Wind rotate turbines to produce electricity
5. Permanent wind systems are used to rotate turbines
6. India planned to establish 250 wind driven turbines with 45 mw potential
7. there are 12 suitable locations
8. India is able to produce 3000 mw , it can produce 50000 mw
9. Lamba and Kutch in GUJ are suitable places
TIDAL WAVE ENERGY
Energy produced with the help of tides and waves of sea
west coast is more suitable
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
1. Hot water is used to rotate turbines
2. Ground water is heated and gushed out and can be used for generating electricity
3. Hot springs and geysers are used to generate electricity
BIO ENERGY
1. energy generated from agricultural, animal waste, urban waste, it can be converted in to electrical energy
2. develop rural areas
3. Clean the environment
4. Cheap and easily available in rural areas
CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
1. Use non conventional resources
2. Recycling of metals
3. Reuse of energy resources
4. Use alternative resources
5. Use scrap metals
6. Export of strategic mineral to be reduced