CBSE Class 12 Geography (Book-2)
INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
CHAPTER-2
Migration class 12 Notes Geography
First migration was conducted in 1881 by the Census of India.
In 1961 two components has been added i e place of birth (lifetime migrants) and place of residence (migrant by place of last residence).
In 2001, 30% of people migrants by place of birth.
31% people migrants by place of last residence.
Streams of Migration
In internal migration (within the country) four streams are identified-
(a) Rural-Rural (b) Rural-Urban (c)Urban-Rural (d) Urban-Urban
During 2001, out of 315 million migrants (place of last residence),98 million changed their place of residence in 10 years
81 million (2001) are intra-state migrants
Stream was dominated mainly by female migrants due to social factor i e marriage
While men predominate the rural-urban of inter-state migration due to economic reasons
India also experience immigration from and emigration to the neighbouring countries
According to 2001 Census more than 5 million persons have migrated to India from other countries
96% are from the neighbouring countries: Bangladesh (3 0million), Pakistan (0 9), Nepal (0 5)
About 0 16 million refugees are from Tibet, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistanand, Iran and Myanmar
Spatial Variation in Migration
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana has highest migrants from other states such as UP, Bihar
Maharashtra ranks 1st in in-migration population followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana
While UP and Bihar has the largest out-migrants
Greater Mumbai (Urban Agglomeration) received highest number of in-migrants
Causes of Migration
Reasons of migration is divided into two categories
(i) Push factors- The important factors are- poverty, high population pressure on the land, lack of basic infrastructure facilities like health care, education; natural disasters-flood, drought, cyclonic storms, earthquake, tsunami; wars and local conflict
(ii) Pull factors- better opportunities; availability of regular work, relatively higher wages; better opportunities for education; better health facilities; source of entertainment
Reasons for migration of males and females are different
About 38% of male migrate due to work and employment
And about 65% of female migration is mainly due to social reason i e marriage
Marriage migration of male is only 2% in the country
Consequences of Migration
Economic consequences
– A major economic benefit of migration is the remittance sent by migrants
– Remittance from the international migration are one of the major source of foreign exchange
– In 2002, India received US$ 11 billion as remittance from international migrants
– Punjab, Kerela, Tamil Nadu receive very important amount from their international migrants
– Remittance amount play an important role in the growth of economy
– Remittances are mainly used for food, repayment of debts, treatment, marriages,
children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc
– It works as a life blood economy for thousand of poor villages of Bihar, UP, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh
Some of the drawbacks of migration are
(i) unregulated migration to the cities has caused overcrowding
(ii) development of slums in industrially developed states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi
Demographic consequences
It leads to the redistribution of the population within a country
Rural-urban migration contribute to the population growth of cities
Adverse effect on the rural demographic structure i e on age and skill selective
Out- migration create imbalance in age and sex composition Eg in Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra
Social consequences
Migrants acts as agents of social change
New technology, family planning, girl’s education etc get diffused from Urban-Rural areas
It leads to intermixing of people from diverse culture
Drawbacks of migration are
(i) It create anonymity which creates social vaccum and sense of dejection among individuals
(ii) Dejection may motivate people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse
Environmental consequences
Overcrowding of people due to rural-urban migration leads to unplanned growth of urban settlement
Formation of slums shanty colonies
Over exploitation of natural resources leads to acute problem of depletion of ground water, air pollution, disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes
Other consequences
Migration affects the status of women directly or indirectly
Male selective out migration leaving their wives behind puts extra physical as well mental pressure on the women
Out migration leads to the loss of human resources particularly highly skilled people