CBSE Class 12 Geography (Book-2)
Chapter-10
Transport And Communication class 12 Notes Geography
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
LAND
1. ROAD 2. RAILWAY 3. PIPE LINES
WATER
1. INLAND 2. OCEANIC
AIR
1. DOMESTIC 2. INTERNATIONAL
LAND TRANSPORT
ROAD TRANSPORT
1. Total road length is 33.1 lakh km
2. 80% passengers, and 70% of freight are carried by roads
3. Shai road connect Indus valley to Sone valley
4. It is renamed as grad trunk road
5. At present it connects Amritsar, Kolkata( nh1 nh2)
CLASSIFICATION OF RAODS
I. NATIONAL HIGH WAYS
1. Constructed and maintained by central govt.
2. Meant for interstate transport
3. Movement of defense men and material
4. Connect state capitals
5. Total length is 65769 km
6. Accounts 2% of road length
7. Carry 40% of traffic
8. Golden quadrilateral
5846 km , 4/6/lane. High density traffic, connect metro cities, time distance and cost distance decreased n-s corridor connect Srinagar to Kanya kumari (4076 km)
east west corridor connect Porbandar to Silchar ( 3640)
STATE HIGH WAYS
1. Constructed and maintained by state CPWD
2. Connect state capitals with Dist. Hqs.
3. account for 4% of road length
DISTRICT ROADS
1. Connect Dist,. Hq with other towns
2. account for 14% of road length
RURAL ROADS
1. Connect rural areas
2. accounts 80% of road length
3. Regional variation in road density
4. Influenced by terrain and climate
OTHER ROADS
BORDER ROADS AND INTERNATIONAL HIGHWAYS
1. Bro was started in 1960
2. help to develop economy
3. strengthen the defense
4. improvement of strategic points
5. it is a premier multifaceted ted construction agency
6. Highest road way connects Manali –Leh with4270 mts. altitude
7. Maintain harmonious relation with neighboring countries
HIGHEST ROAD DENSITY IS 387.24 /100SQ.KM INKERALA LOWEST ROAD DENSITY IS 10.48 /100 SQ KM IN J&K I T IS HIGH IN NORTHERN PLAINS AND LOW IN MOUNTAIN AREAS
FACTORS INCLUENCIN ROAD WAYS
1. Terrain 2. Climate, 3. Economic development. 4. Industries 5. Cities and towns
RAILWAYS
1. The first railway line started in 1853 between Bombay and thane
2. It is the largest govt. Sector with the length of 63221 km
3. IT IS DIVIDED INTO 16 ZONES
1. NORTHERN – NEW DELHI 2. NORTH EASTERN – GORKPUR 3. NE FRONTIER –MALIGOAN 4. N.WESTERN- JAIPUR, 5. N.CENTRAL- ALLAHABAD 6.WESTERN CHURHC GATE MUKBAI 7. W. CENTRAL – JABAL PUR 8. CENTRAL CST MUMBAI 9. E.CENTRAL –HAJIPUR 10. EASTERN-KOL 11. S.WESTERN –HUBLI 12. S.CENTRAL- SECEUDERABAD 13. SE CENTRAL-BILASPUR 14. SEASTERN-KOLKOTA 15.SOUTHERNCHENNAI 16. EAST COAST- BBSR
2. HIGHEST COAL IS CARRIED BY RAILWAYS
3. RAILWAY GAUGES : broad gauge :1.676 mts. 46807 km 74.145 meter gauge: 1.ooo mts. 13290 km 21.02% narrow gauge 0.672mts & 0.610 mts. 4.94% 3124 km
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RAILWAYS
1. Conversion of meter and narrow gauges in to broad gauge
2. Stem engines are replaced by diesel and electrical engines
3. Introduction of metro railways
4. Use of CNG
5. Introduction of internet
6. Computer reservation
7. container services
WATER TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES
1. Cheapest means of transport
2. Least consumption of energy
3. Suitable for heavy bulky goods
4. No friction
5. Eco friendly
6. There are two types
Inland water ways
1. Cheapest mode of transport
2. Competition from road ways and railways
3. Water diversion from the rivers cause less navigable
4. Total 14500 km of navigable water
5. Account 1% of transport
6. It consists of rivers, canals , backwaters creeks
7. 3700 km of navigable rivers are available
8. 2000 km actually used
9. Canals are controlled by inland water way authority
10. There are three inland waterways in India
1.nw.1 Allahabad to Haldia – 1620 km most important waterway , up to Patna mechanized boats and up to Hardwar manual boats
It is divided in to three segments 1. Haldia to Farakka 560 km 2. Farakka to Patna 460 km 3. Patna to Allahabad 600 km
2.NW-2 Sadiya to Dubri 891 km steamers can travel up to Dibrugarh
3. NW -3 Kottapuram to Kollam 205 km it includes 168 km west coast canal and Udyogamandal canal
Back waters of Kerala also important waterways
OCEAN ROUTES
India has coastline about 7517 km there are 12 major ports and 185 minor ports
95 % of India foreign trade and 70 % of value is trade takes place through sea ways
AIR TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES
1. Fastest means of transport
2. Connect remote areas
3. no need to maintain routs and construct
4. Suitable for emergency times
5. All continents are connected by air ways
6. Suitable for difficult terrain
7. Reduce travel time
8. Maintained by airport authority
9. It maintains 126 minor airports 11 international air ports and 86 domestic airports
10. 29 civil defense enclaves in defense service also maintained by the authority
There are three divisions
1. Air India: provide international air services
2. Connects all continents
3. Delhi and Mumbai air ports accounts for 52% of air service
Indian airlines connect Indian subcontinent
It is the part of air India
Pawan Hans helicopter services
serves in north eastern states
PIPELINES
ADVANTAGES
1. Most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long distance
2. least consumption of energy
3. Suitable for mountain areas and sea bottom
4. Asia‟s cross country pipe line is constructed between Naharkatia oil field and Barauni oil refinery with the length of 1157 km, it was extended up to Kanpur in 1966
5. Other pipe lines Are Ankaleswar to Koyali , Mumbai High To Koyali Hazira Vijaipur Jagdishpur
6. Salaiya to Mathura – 1256 km
7. Numaligarh to Siliguri 660km
COMMUNICATION
It is divided into personal- mobile mass radio, tv
Personal communication has become most important at present
User can contact with the customer directly
Fastest means of communication
Communication revolution came into world through internet
Mass communication consists of radio, tv and satellite communication
Satellite communication is the recent development most useful at the time of emergency. When all other communications are failed it is the only communication which can be used.